El reposicionamiento malar. Presentación de una técnica original: punto MM / Malar repositioning. Presentation of an original technique: point MM

El envejecimiento facial es una sinergia compleja de cambios texturales de la piel, hiper- o hipoactividad muscular, reabsorción del tejido graso y resorción ósea. El déficit de volumen resultante, la deflación y la posterior caída del tercio medio facial produce una cara menos atractiva y juvenil. Los procedimientos inyectables en región malar son cada vez más populares y solicitados por los pacientes. El conocimiento de la anatomía de la cara media es fundamental para el inyector. La comprensión de la irrigación facial puede ayudar a disminuir la exposición a la aparición de hematomas y complicaciones vasculares severas. Existen múltiples técnicas de inyección propuestas para el tercio medio, en este artículo presentamos una técnica original, simple, segura y eficaz con resultados satisfactorios y riesgo reducido

Facial aging is a complex synergy of textural skin changes, muscle hyperactivity, fat dysmorphism, bone resorption. The resulting volume deficit and deflation of the mid face produces a less attractive and youthful face. Injectable midface procedures are becoming increasingly popular and requested by patients. Knowledge of the anatomy of the midface is critical for the injector. Understanding the irrigation of the face can help decrease the risk of hematoma and severe vascular complications. There are multiple injection techniques proposed for the middle third, in this article we present a simple, safe and effective technique with satisfactory results and lower risk

Lipoinyección mamaria con fines estéticos: resultados a largo plazo con una sesión / Breast lipoinjection for aesthetic purposes: long-term results with one session

Resumen Antecedentes: La cirugía de aumento mamario con lipoinjerto se ha incrementado debido a que evita usar prótesis. Es utilizado para aumentos moderados con fines estéticos, no retarda el diagnóstico de cáncer ni aumenta el riesgo de sufrirlo. Objetivo: Revisar nuestra experiencia en aumento mamario estético con lipoinjerto, en una sesión y con seguimiento superior a un año. Materiales y Método: Se diseñó una cohorte prospectiva de mujeres. Se excluyeron aquellas con alteraciones congénitas, mesenquimopatías y fumadoras. La lipoinyección se efectuó con principios de Coleman. Para la medición del volumen mamario preoperatorio se utilizó la aplicación Breast-V. Volumen de aumento, tasa de retención y tasa de aumento fueron calculados. Resultados: 73 pacientes fueron lipoinjertadas, 35 superaron seguimiento a un año. Volumen mamario inicial fue 219,5 ± 44,1 cc. Volumen de aumento fue 99,9 ± 29,8 cc, tasa de retención grasa injertada 41,4%, tasa de aumento del volumen mamario 48,1%. 41 pacientes presentaron imágenes posoperatorias: quistes 15 pacientes (36,6%); necrosis grasa 2 pacientes (4,9%); macrocalcificaciones 8 pacientes (19,5%); microcalcificaciones 1 paciente (2,5%), cuya biopsia fue negativa para malignidad. Discusión: El lipoinjerto mamario es un procedimiento seguro, con resultados adecuados cuando se realiza en una sesión y por el mismo cirujano, siguiendo principios de Coleman. El aumento porcentual es el índice más significativo para evaluar su éxito. Conclusiones: Lipoinyección mamaria en una sesión es una técnica segura que logra aumento moderado del volumen mamario. Es útil para aumentos moderados o corrección de asimetrías leves. No hay evidencia de que interfiera con el diagnóstico precoz del cáncer de mama.

Background: Lipograft breast augmentation has increased due to avoidance of prosthetics. It is used for moderate increases for aesthetic purposes, it does not delay the diagnosis of cancer or increase the risk of suffering it. Aim: To review our experience in cosmetic breast augmentation with lipograft, in one session and with a follow-up of more than one year. Materials and Method: A prospective cohort of women was designed. Those with congenital alterations, mesenchymopathies and smokers were excluded. Lipoinjection was carried out with Coleman's principies. The Breast-V application was used to measure preoperative breast volume. Volume of increase, retention rate and rate of increase were calculated. Results: 73 patients were lipografted, 35 had a one-year follow-up. Initial breast volume was 219.5 ± 44.1 cc. Volume increase was 99.9 ± 29.8 cc, grafted fat retention rate 41.4%, breast volume increase rate 48.1%. 41 patients presented postoperative images: cysts 15 patients (36.6%); fat necrosis 2 patients (4.9%); macrocalcifiations 8 patients (19.5%); microcalcifiations 1 patient (2.5%), whose biopsy was negative for malignancy. Discussion: The mammary lipograft is a safe procedure, with adequate results when performed in one session and by the same surgeon, following Coleman principles. The percentage increase is the most significant index to evalúate your success. Conclusions: Breast lipoinjection in one session is a safe technique that achieves a moderate increase in breast volume. It is useful for moderate magnification or correction of slight asymmetries. There is no evidence that it interferes with the early diagnosis of breast cancer.

The need for supplemental blocks in single versus triple injections in infraclavicular brachial plexus blocks with a medial approach: a clinical and anatomic study / Bloqueio complementar de nervos no bloqueio de plexo braquial infraclavicular com técnica medial de injeção única versus tripla: estudo anátomo-clínico

Abstract Background and objectives: To evaluate the single-injection and triple-injection techniques in infraclavicular blocks with an ultrasound-guided medial approach in terms of block success and the need for supplementary blocks. Methods: This study comprised 139 patients who were scheduled for elective or emergency upper-limb surgery. Patients who received an infraclavicular blocks with a triple-injection technique were included in Group T (n = 68). Patients who received an infraclavicular blocks with a single-injection technique were included in Group S (n = 71). The number of patients who required supplementary blocks or had complete failure, the recovery time of sensory blocks and early and late complications were noted. Results: The block success rate was 84.5% in Group S, and 94.1% in Group T without any need for supplementary nerve blocks. The blocks were supplemented with distal peripheral nerve blocks in 8 patients in Group S and in 3 patients in Group T. Following supplementation, the block success rate was 95.8% in Group S and 98.5% in Group T. These results were not statistically significant. A septum preventing the proper distribution of local anesthetic was clearly visualized in 4 patients. The discomfort rate during the block was significantly higher in Group T (p < 0.05). Conclusion: In ultrasound-guided medial-approach infraclavicular blocks, single-injection and triple-injection techniques did not differ in terms of block success rates. The need for supplementary blocks was higher in single injections than with triple injections. The presence of a fascial layer could be the reason for improper distribution of local anesthetics around the cords.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: Avaliar as técnicas de injeção única e tripla no bloqueio infraclavicular, empregando-se acesso medial guiado por ultrassonografia, comparando-se o sucesso do bloqueio e a necessidade de bloqueios complementares. Método: O estudo incluiu 139 pacientes com indicação de cirurgia de membro superior eletiva ou de emergência. O Grupo T (n = 68 pacientes) recebeu bloqueio infraclavicular com técnica de injeção tripla e o Grupo S (n = 71), bloqueio infraclavicular com injeção única. Registrou-se o número de pacientes que necessitaram bloqueio complementar de nervo ou que apresentaram falha completa do bloqueio, o tempo de recuperação do bloqueio sensorial e as complicações precoces e tardias. Resultados: A taxa de sucesso do bloqueio infraclavicular, sem necessidade de bloqueio complementar de nervo, foi 84,5% e 94,1% para os Grupos S e T, respectivamente. No bloqueio infraclavicular foi necessário bloqueio de nervos periféricos distais em 8 e 3 pacientes dos Grupos S e T, respectivamente. Após a complementação, a taxa de sucesso do bloqueio foi 95,8% e 98,5% para os Grupos S e T, respectivamente. Os resultados não foram estatisticamente significantes. Imagem de septo impedindo a distribuição adequada do anestésico local foi claramente visualizada em quatro pacientes. A taxa de desconforto durante a realização do bloqueio foi estatatisticamente mais alta no Grupo T (p< 0,05). Conclusões: As técnicas de injeção única e tripla em bloqueio infraclavicular guiado por ultrasonografia com acesso medial não diferiram quanto à taxa de sucesso. A necessidade de bloqueio complementar foi maior com a técnica de injeção simples. A ocorrência de invólucro de fascia poderia justificar a distribuição inadequada do anestésico local ao redor dos fascículos do plexo.

Application of botulinum toxin to treat sialorrhea in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients: a literature review / Aplicação da toxina botulínica no tratamento da sialorreia em pacientes com esclerose lateral amiotrófica: revisão da literatura

ABSTRACT Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by the degeneration of motor neurons, which are the central nervous system cells that control voluntary muscle movements. The excessive salivation (sialorrhea) is present in approximately 50% of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis cases. Thus, some alternative therapeutic methods are sought, such as anticholinergic drugs and surgery. Recently the use of botulinum toxin applied at a midpoint of the salivary glands, often guided by ultrasound, have demonstrated positive results. The objective was to review the literature to demonstrate an alternative method to treatments of sialorrhea in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In recent studies, the efficacy of botulinum toxin is confirmed, although new applications are required. Since the side effects are negligible, this is an alternative to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and other patients with diseases that present sialorrhea.

RESUMO Esclerose lateral amiotrófica é uma doença neurodegenerativa progressiva e fatal, caracterizada pela degeneração dos neurônios motores, as células do sistema nervoso central que controlam os movimentos voluntários dos músculos. A salivação excessiva (sialorreia) está presente em cerca de 50% dos casos de esclerose lateral amiotrófica. Dessa forma, surgem medidas terapêuticas alternativas como drogas anticolinérgicas e cirurgia, e recentemente, o uso da toxina botulínica, aplicada em um ponto central das glândulas salivares, muitas vezes guiado por ultrassonografia, demostrou resultados positivos. Objetivou-se revisar a literatura no intuito de demonstrar um método alternativo aos tratamentos de sialorreia em pacientes com esclerose lateral amiotrófica. Em estudos recentes, a eficácia do tratamento com toxina botulínica foi confirmada e, mesmo requerendo novas aplicações, os efeitos colaterais são ínfimos. Ela surge então como alternativa não só ao tratamento de esclerose lateral amiotrófica, mas também para outros pacientes com doenças que apresentem a sialorreia.

The outcomes of two different bulking agents (dextranomer hyaluronic acid copolymer and polyacrylate-polyalcohol copolymer) in the treatment of primary vesico-ureteral reflux

ABSTRACT Purpose Subureteral injection of bulking agents in the endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux is widely accepted therapy with high success rates. Although the grade of vesicoureteric reflux and experience of surgeon is the mainstay of this success, the characteristics of augmenting substances may have an effect particularly in the long term. In this retrospective study, we aimed to evaluate the clinical outcomes of the endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) with two different bulking agents: Dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer (Dx/HA) and Polyacrylate polyalcohol copolymer (PPC). Materials and Methods A total 80 patients (49 girls and 31 boys) aged 1-12 years (mean age 5.3 years) underwent endoscopic subureteral injection for correction of VUR last six years. The patients were assigned to two groups: subureteral injections of Dx/HA (45 patients and 57 ureters) and PPC (35 patients and 45 ureters). VUR was grade II in 27 ureters, grade III in 35, grade IV in 22 and grade V in 18 ureters. Results VUR was resolved in 38 (66.6%) of 57 ureters and this equates to VUR correction in 33 (73.3%) of the 45 patients in Dx/HA group. In PPC group, overall success rate was 88.8% (of 40 in 45 ureters). Thus, Thus, this equates to VUR correction in 31 (88.5%) of the 35 patients. Conclusions Our short term data show that two different bulking agent injections provide a high level of reflux resolution and this study revealed that success rate of PPC was significantly higher than Dx/HA with less material.

The efficacy and safety of urethral injection therapy for urinary incontinence in women: a systematic review

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of different bulking agents for treating urinary incontinence in women, a systematic review including only randomized controlled trials was performed. The subjects were women with urinary incontinence. The primary outcomes were clinical and urodynamic parameters. The results were presented as a weighted mean difference for non-continuous variables and as relative risk for continuous variables, both with 95% confidence intervals. Initially, 942 studies were identified. However, only fourteen eligible trials fulfilled the prerequisites. Altogether, the review included 1814 patients in trials of eight different types of bulking agents, and all studies were described and analyzed. The measured outcomes were evaluated using a large variety of instruments. The most common complications of the bulking agents were urinary retention and urinary tract infection. Additionally, there were certain major complications, such as one case of death after use of autologous fat. However, the lack of adequate studies, the heterogeneous populations studied, the wide variety of materials used and the lack of long-term follow-up limit guidance of practice. To determine which substance is the most suitable, there is a need for more randomized clinical trials that compare existing bulking agents based on standardized clinical outcomes.

Adipose-Derived Regenerative Cell Injection Therapy for Postprostatectomy Incontinence: A Phase I Clinical Study

PURPOSE: We report our initial experience with transurethral injection of autologous adipose-derived regenerative cells (ADRCs) for the treatment of urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After providing written informed consent, six men with persistent urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy were enrolled in the study. Under general anesthesia, about 50 mL of adipose tissue was obtained from the patients by liposuction. ADRCs were obtained by separation with centrifugation using the Celution cell-processing device. A mixture of ADRCs and adipose tissue were transurethrally injected into the submucosal space of the membranous urethra. Functional and anatomical improvement was assessed using a 24-h pad test, validated patient questionnaire, urethral pressure profile, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) during 12-week follow-up. RESULTS: Urine leakage volume was improved with time in all patients in the 24-h pad test, with the exemption of temporal deterioration at the first 2 weeks post-injection in 2 patients. Subjective symptoms and quality of life assessed on the basis of questionnaire results showed similar improvement. The mean maximum urethral closing pressure increased from 44.0 to 63.5 cm H2O at 12 weeks after injection. MRI showed an increase in functional urethral length (from 6.1 to 8.3 mm) between the lower rim of the pubic bone and the bladder neck. Adverse events, such as pelvic pain, inflammation, or de novo urgency, were not observed in any case during follow-up. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that transurethral injection of autologous ADRCs can be a safe and effective treatment modality for postprostatectomy incontinence.

Effect of warming anaesthetic solutions on pain during dental injection: a randomized clinical trial / Efecto del calentamiento del anestésico sobre el dolor durante la inyección dental: ensayo clínico aleatorio

To determine the effectiveness of warming anesthetic solutions on pain produced during the administration of anesthesia in maxillary dental infiltration technique. Material and Methods: A double-blind cross-over clinical study was designed. Fifty-six volunteer students (mean age 23.1+/-2.71 years) of the Dental School at Universidad Austral de Chile (Valdivia, Chile) participated in the study. Subjects were given 0.9ml of 2 percent lidocaine with 1:100.000 epinephrine (Alphacaine®; Nova DFL - Brazil) by two punctions at buccal vestibule of lateral incisor. Warm anesthesia at 42°C(107.6°F) was administered in a hemi-arch; and after one week anesthesia at room temperature (21°C; 69.8°F) and at a standardized speed was administered at the contralateral side. The intensity of pain felt during injection was registered and compared using visual analog scale (VAS) of 100mm (Wilcoxon test p<0.05). Results: The use of anesthesia at room temperature caused a VAS-pain intensity of 34.2+/-16.6mm, and anesthesia at 42°C a VAS-pain intensity of 15.7+/-17.4mm (p<0.0001). Conclusion: The use of anesthesia at42°C resulted in a significantly lower pain intensity perception during injection compared with the use of anesthesia at room temperature during maxillary infiltration technique...

Determinar la efectividad del calentamiento de anestesia en la reducción del dolor producidodurante la administración de anestesia dental en técnica infiltrativa maxilar. Material y método: Se diseñó un estudio clínico doble ciego de brazos cruzados.Participaron cincuenta y seis estudiantes voluntarios (23.1+/-2.71 años) de la Escuela de Odontología de la Universidad Austral de Chile (Valdivia, Chile). Se les administró 0.9ml de lidocaína 2 por ciento con epinefrina 1:100.000 (Alphacaine®; Nova DFL - Brasil) mediante 2 punciones en el fondo de vestíbulo a nivel del incisivo lateral superior. En una hemi-arcada se administró anestesia a 42ºC (107.6°F) y luego de una semana se les administró anestesia en el lado contralateral a temperatura ambiente (21ºC; 69.8°F) con una velocidad estandarizada. Se comparó laintensidad de dolor percibida durante la inyección mediante escala visual análoga (EVA) de 100mm (pruebade Wilcoxon p<0.05). Resultados: El uso de anestesia a temperatura ambiente provocó un dolor promedio EVAde 34.2+/-16.6mm y la anestesia a 42°C un dolor promedio EVA 15.7+/-17.4mm (p<0.0001). Conclusión: El uso de anestesia a 42ºC generó una percepción de dolor significativamente menor durante la inyección del anestésico en comparación a su uso con temperatura ambiente en la técnica infiltrativa maxilar...

The effective injection point of the popliteal region: a cadaver dissection without removing the perineurium / Punto de inyección efectivo en la región poplítea: disección en cadáver sin remover el perineuro

The aim of this study was to determine the in-depth anatomical location of the neurovascular structures important for nerve block. Forty fresh specimens from 22 adult Korean cadavers were used for this study. The average angle and depth of the bifurcation point of the sciatic nerve (BC) was 18.7±3.6° and 20.6±7.1 mm, respectively. The point where the nerve branching point out for the muscles on the posterior compartment of leg were expressed in percentage distance relative to the vertical distance from popliteal crease to BC. The medial and lateral sural cutaneous nerve for 129.0% and 116.4%, medial and lateral head of gastrocnemius for 137.2% and 141.9%, the soleus for 179.5%, the deep compartment of leg for 167.0%. Our results provide detailed anatomical information to guide optimal nerve block.

El objetivo fue determinar en profundidad la localización anatómica de las estructuras neurovasculares importantes para el bloqueo del nervio poplíteo. Se utilizaron cuarenta muestras de 22 cadáveres coreanos adultos frescos. El ángulo medio y la profundidad del sitio de bifurcación del nervio ciático (BC) fue 18,7±3,6° y 20,6±7,1 mm, respectivamente. El punto en el que se identifica la ramificación del nervio para los músculos del compartimento posterior de la pierna se expresó en porcentaje de distancia relativa a la distancia vertical desde el pliegue poplíteo a BC. La distancia relativa de los nervios cutáneos sural medial y lateral fue 129,0% y 116,4%, respectivamente; de las cabezas medial y lateral del músculo gastrognemio fue 137,2% y 141,9%, del músculo sóleo fue 179,5%, y del compartimento profundo de la pierna fue 167,0%. Nuestros resultados proporcionan información anatómica detallada para guiar en forma óptima el bloqueo del nervio.

Prolotherapy - A venturing Treatment for Temporomandibular Joint Disorder.

Prolotherapy, a regenerative injection therapy. Has been used to relieve joint pain and stabilize injured joints. Since the 1930s, this technique is used to strengthen and rejuvenate weak tendons, ligaments and also resolves the joint laxity, as a result patient’s problems with discomfort, pain and loss of function are resolved. Th is is done after identifying the areas of weakness by injecting naturally occurring therapeutic agents which stimulate the healing process by provoking the acute infl ammatory response including the infl ux of stem cells which promote repair of damaged tissues. Th is low grade infl ammatory response is temporary at the site of injection which synthesizes collagen and strengthens the cartilage by promoting fi broblasts. Growth factors are also produced at the site of injection which restarts the healing process that is never completed eff ectively. Th is article reviews the history of prolotherapy and its applications in dentistry.

Endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux with polyacrylate polyalcohol copolymer and dextranomer/hyaluronic acid in adults

Purpose Aim of this study is to examine the effectiveness of dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer and polyacrylate polyalcohol copolymer in endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux disease in adult patients with and without chronic renal failure. Materials and Methods Thirty two patients (12 female, 20 male) with a total of 50 renal units were treated for vesicoureteral reflux. There were 26 (81%) chronic renal failure patients. The success of treatment was evaluated by voiding cystouretrography at 3rd and 12th months after subureteric injection. The persistence of reflux was considered as failure. Patients were divided into two groups according to injected material. Age, sex, grade of reflux and treatment results were recorded and evaluated. Results Reflux was scored as grade 1 in seven (14%), grade 2 in 16 (32%), grade 3 in 21 (42%) and grade 4 in six (12%) renal units. There was not patient with grade 5 reflux. Fourteen renal units (28%) were treated with dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer (group 1) and 36 renal units (72%) were treated with polyacrylate polyalcohol copolymer (group 2). The overall treatment success was achieved at 40 renal units (80%). The treatment was successful at 11 renal units (79%) in group 1 and 29 renal units (81%) in group 2 (p = 0.71). There was not statistically significant difference between two groups with patients with chronic renal failure in terms of treatment success (p = 1.00). Conclusions The effectiveness of two bulking agents was similar in treatment of vesicoureteral reflux disease in adult patients and patients with chronic renal failure. .

Upper face rejuvenation using botulinum toxin and hyaluronic acid fillers.

The demand for facial rejuvenation is increasing, with each passing day, in all age groups. A number of procedures like chemical peels, microdermabrasion, laser and light therapies, and minimally invasive procedures like botulinum toxin injections (BTX A) and hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers are being extensively used by the dermatologist and plastic surgeons to meet this growing demand. A good knowledge of use of these techniques is becoming imperative for the dermatologist. In the present article, we discuss in detail the use of botulinum toxin injections and hyaluronic acid fillers for rejuvenation of upper face. Special emphasis has been placed on the complications associated with treatment of each area and on how to manage the same.

[Investigating of the effect of familiarzation play on the injective procedural anxiety in B-Thalassemic pre-school children]

During Thalassemia, children should be under frequent blood injections to maintain their lives. The use of intra-vein cutters is one of the most prevalent and painful procedures, and children specially young children usually call it the most stressful aspect of their disease, hospitalization and even their outpatient visit. The present research is an investigation of the influence of familiarization play on the anxiety in the case of injection procedures for children before school age. The present study is a clinical experiment. The research sample consists of 60 Thalassemia children of 3-7 years old, possessing files in Thalassemia sections in Gilan Province. The participants were randomly divided into two groups [experimental group and one control group]. In the experimental group, a familiarization play was carried out for 10-15 minutes prior to the injection procedure. The instruments used in the research include: Demographic Information Questionnaire, the Scale of facial self report of anxiety, and the Questionnaire of child clinical fear self report. The analysis of the data was carried out through SPSS and the statistic test: chi-square, t-test, Mann-whiney and Wilcoxon sign. The data indicated that there was not a significant difference between the average scores of anxiety in the two groups prior to the treatment [P>0.05]. However, after the treatment, the statistic test Mann-whiney and Wilcoxon sign showed a significant difference between the experimental group and the control group in term of the average scores anxiety [P<0.05]. According to the research results, the treatment of familiarization play is influential on anxiety decrease resulted from the injection procedures in children. Therefore it is suggested that child nurses use the method of familiarization play in order to comfort of children with acute and chronic diseases who are frequently under treatment measures

Alternative technique for reducing compound waste during intravitreal injections / Técnica alternativa para reduzir a perda de medicação durante injeção intravítrea

PURPOSE: To describe an intravitreal injection technique using a commercially available 29-gauge insulin needle syringe (29GN syringe) and a 21-gauge (G) needle, comparing compound waste associated with this technique application and the one described in ranibizumab (Lucentis®) kit instructions. METHODS: Ten 0.3 ml doses of distilled water were aspirated using the 29GN syringe and 21G needle (PT technique), and another ten equal doses were aspirated employing the sterilized Lucentis® kit (LK technique), which contains a 1ml tuberculin syringe, a 18G needle for compound aspiration and a 30G needle for intravitreal injection. For aspiration using the PT technique, a 21G needle is attached over a 29GN syringe. After compound aspiration, the 21G needle is removed and intravitreal injection is performed using the 29G needle. Using a precision balance, the aspiration needles (21G for PT; 18G for LK) were weighed before and after water aspiration and the syringe-needle complexes for injection (29GN for PT; 30G for LK) were weighed before aspiration and after emptying them. The volumes left in the aspiration needles and needle-syringe complexes were estimated by the difference in weight in grams, which were converted to millilitres. RESULTS: The mean (±SD) residual volume (ml) of aspiration needles (21G for PT; 18G for LK) was significantly lower with PT technique (0.0034 ± 0.0016) when compared to LK tech nique (0.0579 ± 0.0011) (p<0.01). The mean (±SD) residual volume (ml) of syringe-needle complexes was significantly lower with PT technique (0.0056 ± 0.0011) than with LK (0.0906 ± 0.003 ml) (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: The proposed technique is a reasonable alternative for minimizing medication loss during intravitreal injection procedures.

OBJETIVO: Descrever técnica de injeção intravítrea utilizando agulha-seringa de 29 gauge (seringa 29GN) e agulha 21 gauge (G) comercialmente disponíveis, comparando perda de composto associada à aplicação desta técnica com a descrita nas instruções do kit do ranibizumabe (Lucentis®). MÉTODOS: Dez doses de 0,3 ml de água destilada foram aspiradas com a seringa 29GN e a agulha 21G (técnica PT) e outras dez doses iguais foram aspiradas utilizando-se o kit do Lucentis® (técnica LK). Para aspiração com a técnica PT, a agulha 21G é colocada sobre a seringa 29GN. Depois da aspiração, a agulha 21G é removida e a injeção intravítrea é realizada com a agulha 29G. A técnica LK utiliza seringa de tuberculina de 1 ml acoplada a agulha 18G para aspiração e agulha 30G para injeção intravítrea. Usando balança de precisão, as agulhas de aspiração (21G para PT; 18G para LK) foram pesadas antes e depois da aspiração da água e os complexos agulha-seringa para injeção (29GN para PT; 30G para LK) foram pesados antes da aspiração e após serem esvaziados. Os volumes restantes nas agulhas de aspiração e complexos agulha-seringa foram estimados pela diferença dos pesos em gramas com conversão para mililitros. RESULTADOS: O volume (ml) residual médio (±DP) das agulhas de aspiração (21G para PT; 18G para LK) foi significativamente menor com a técnica PT (0,0034 ± 0,0016) quando comparado à técnica LK (0,0579 ± 0,0011) (p<0,01). O volume (ml) residual médio (±DP) dos complexos agulha-seringa foi significativamente menor com a técnica PT (0,0056 ± 0,0011) do que LK (0,0906 ± 0,003 ml) (p<0,01). CONCLUSÃO: A técnica de injeção proposta é uma alternativa razoável para minimizar perda de medicação durante aplicação de injeções intravítreas.

Comparison of the pain levels of computer-controlled and conventional anesthesia techniques in prosthodontic treatment

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the pain levels on opposite sides of the maxilla at needle insertion during delivery of local anesthetic solution and tooth preparation for both conventional and anterior middle superior alveolar (AMSA) technique with the Wand computer-controlled local anesthesia application. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Pain scores of 16 patients were evaluated with a 5-point verbal rating scale (VRS) and data were analyzed nonparametrically. Pain differences at needle insertion, during delivery of local anesthetic, and at tooth preparation, for conventional versus the Wand technique, were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test (p=0.01). RESULTS: The Wand technique had a lower pain level compared to conventional injection for needle insertion (p<0.01). In the anesthetic delivery phase, pain level for the Wand technique was lower (p<0.01). However, there was no difference between the Wand and conventional technique for pain level during tooth preparation (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The AMSA technique using the Wand is recommended for prosthodontic treatment because it reduces pain during needle insertion and during delivery of local anaesthetic. However, these two techniques have the same pain levels for tooth preparation.

Reação orbitopalpebral em resposta a injeção subtenoniana profunda de triancinolona: relato de caso / Orbito-palpebral reaction after subtenonian injection of triamcinolone: case report

Relata-se o caso de reação local após injeção subtenoniana profunda de1 ml de suspensão contendo 40 mg de triancinolona, realizada em uma criança de seis anos de idade, portadora de uveíte intermediária. Observou-se edema e eritema das pálpebras superior e inferior, aproximadamente 30 minutos após a injeção. Houve recuperação completa, sem complicações, ao longo das 24 a 48 horas seguintes.

A case of a local reaction related to a subtenonian deep injection of triamcinolone is reported. The patient was a 6 year old child, with intermediate uveitis. Intense edema and erythema of the eyelids appeared approximately 30 minutes after the injection. Complete resolution occurred among 24 to 48 hours after the injection.

Pseudoaneurisma femoral: tratamiento mediante inyección percutánea de trombina guiada por ultrasonido: experiencia del Centro Cardiovascular La Floresta / Fermoral pseudoaneurysm: ultrasound guided percutaneous treatment with thrombin: Experince at Centro Cardiovascular La Floresta

El pseudoaneurisma femoral (PAF) es una complicación de las intervenciones percutáneas, con incidencia entre 0,5% y 2%. El diagnóstico es clínico y se establece con imágenes de ultrasonido-Dopper color de la arteria femoral con numerosas alternativas terapéuticas para su resolución. Describir la conducta terapéutica por medio de la inyección de trombina guiada por ultra sonido y la experiencia del Centro Cardiovascular La Floresta. El diagnóstico de PAF se realizó en base a la manifestaciones clínicas y hallazgos por ultrasonido-Doppler a color. Seguidamente se accedión al saco del PAF con una aguja de punción lumbar 22G, guiada por ultrasonido y se inyectó lentamente trombina heteróloga de origen bovino, tomando nota de las dosis utilizadas hasta lograr la trombosis del saco. Se realizó seguimiento clínico y ultrasonográfico a las 24,48 horas, 3 y 6 meses. Se trateron 15 pacientes consecutivos con edad promedio 62 ± 5 años entre enero de 2002 y noviembre de 2008. En todos los pacientes se logró la trombosis del PAF con la primera inyección con mejoría clínica dentro de las primeras 24 horas. Once pacientes (79%) fueron seguidos clínicamente y ecográficamente a las 24 - 48 horas, y clínicamente a los 3 y 6 meses. La inyección de trombina guiada por ultrasonido puede ser considerada para el tratamiento del PAF, ya que demostrado ser un procedimiento mínimamente invasivo, seguro y de bajo costo.

Femoral pseudoaneurysm (FPA) is a complication of percutaneous interventions, with an incidence of 0.5%-2%. The diagnosis is clinical and is usually confirmed by ultrasound-color Doppler (UCD) of the femoral artery with multiple therapeutic options. To describe the therapeutic approach to seal the FPA with the use of thrombin guided by ultrasound and to analize the experience at the Centro Cardiovascular La Floresta. The diagnosis of EPA was made on clinical basis and UCD. The sac of the EPA was accessed with a 22G needle under ultrasoun guidance followed by careful heterologous bovine thrombin infection until thrombosis of the sac was abtained. Clinical and UCD follow-up was made at 24,48 hours and at 3 and 6 months. Fifteen consecutive patients, 65 ± years, between january 2002 and november 2008 were treated. In all patients thrombosis of the sac of the FPA was obtained with the first injection and clinical improvement was noted within the first 24 hours. Eleven patients were followed-up clinically and with UCD at 24 and 48 hours and clinically at 3 and 6 months. Thrombin injection with ultrasound guidance may be considered as a method to treat EPA, since it has shown to be minimally invasive, safe and at low cost.

Técnica para injeção intravítrea de drogas no tratamento de doenças vítreorretinianas / Technique of intravitreal drug injection for therapy of vitreoretinal diseases

A injeção intravítrea é atualmente a técnica mais utilizada no tratamento de várias doenças vítreorretinianas. Neste artigo serão discutidas a técnica e complicações da injeção intravítrea de drogas no tratamento de doenças vítreorretinianas. Em resumo, a técnica envolve várias etapas. Inicialmente dias antes da injeção pode-se realizar aplicação de antibióticos e acetazolamida para prevenção de infecção e redução da pressão intra-ocular. Antes do procedimento deve-se dilatar a pupila e executar anestesia tópica com colírios ou gel anestésico. A antissepsia pré-operatória envolve aplicação de colírios de iodo-povidona 5 por cento no fundo de saco conjuntival ao menos 10 minutos antes do procedimento. A injeção deve ser realizada no centro cirúrgico com uso de luvas estéreis e máscara pelo cirurgião. O olho deve ser exposto com blefarostato estéril, e proteção com "sterile-drape" para evitar contato entre a agulha e pálpebras/cílios. A agulha deve ser posicionada no momento da injeção a 3,5 - 4 mm do limbo, e leve mobilização da conjuntiva com um cotonete estéril ou uma pinça facilitam a penetração da agulha através da conjuntiva e esclera. A agulha deve ser inserida gentilmente para dentro da cavidade vítrea até 6 mm de profundidade. Imediatamente após a injeção o paciente deve ser examinado por técnica de oftalmoscopia binocular indireta. Caso a acuidade visual seja ausência de percepção luminosa ou oclusão vascular arterial retiniana seja observada, terapias para diminuição da pressão como paracentese na camada anterior ou massagem por oculopressão diretamente sobre o globo ocular devem ser imediatamente tomadas. A alta ambulatorial deve ser realizada quando o cirurgião estiver ciente da ausência de complicações intra-operatórias; o paciente deverá sair do centro cirúrgico com curativo oclusivo. O paciente deve ser submetido a exame oftalmológico completo no primeiro dia pós-operatório quando associação de antibióticos com corticosteróides...

Intravitreal injections are the standard technique applied in the treatment of some vitreoretinal diseases. In this paper the technique and complications of intravitreal injections are presented. In summary, the procedure involves various consecutive steps. Initially, days before the treatment topical antibiotics and acetazolamide may be prescribed for reduction of the ocular flora and intraocular pressure. Before the injection, the pupil should be dilated and topical anesthesia should be achieved. Injection shall be performed in the operating room under sterile conditions, the surgeon should wear surgical gloves and mask. The eye is then exposed with sterile blepharostat and sterile-drape thereby providing protection of the needle against the contact with contaminated lashes and lids. Injection is done 3.5 mm from the limbus through the pars plana. The needle should be inserted up to 6 mm into the vitreous cavity. Immediately after injection the patient must be examined by indirect ophthalmoscopy to verify central artery perfusion and complications as vitreous hemorrhage. Visual acuity better than light perception should be detected right after injection. If persistent central retinal artery occlusion is diagnosed, anterior chamber paracentesis should be performed. The patient may be discharged with an occlusive patch. Examination at the first postoperative day should exclude various complications such as endophthalmitis, and topical steroid and antibiotics should be prescribed for 7 days. Some complications encountered after intravitreal injections include retinal detachment, vitreous hemorrhage, cataract, uveitis, ocular hypertension, or endophthalmitis.

effect of a training program on the diabetic patients utilizing skills of insulin injection technique

The study aims to evaluate patients performance toward insulin injection after training program to identity the variation in skill of patients in insulin injection technique with regard to some variable [i.e. educational level and duration of insulin injection. A quasi experimental study has been conducted on diabetic patients. An observational checklist had been prepared which consisted of 4 main areas with 37 sub-items, which are syringe preparation for injection, insulin drawing; skin preparation for injection and insulin injection. Each of the sub-items has 2 options yes or no. One score for positive answer and zero for no. The sample of the study consisted of [n =30] males and females patients with Type I diabetes mellitus. who were chosen randomly from AL-Wafa'a center for diabetic treatment in Mosul-Iraq during Dec. 2003. The results of the study showed that the skills performance of insulin injection was statistically different in pre from post-test [49.37%. 76.67%] respectively by using [X[2]], the result showed significant difference at [P<0.05] level [X[2]=21.625]. no significant difference between skill performance and the level of education, while significant difference appears at P< 0.01 between duration of insulin injection and skill performance. The training programme has a positive effect on the skills of diabetic patients type I utilizing insulin injection technique

Effect of intrahippocampal insulin injection on memory performance in normal and diabetic rats

This work was designed to demonstrate the effect of diabetes on memory performance in rats and to evaluate the effect of intrahippocampal administration of insulin on memory retention consolidation] in normal non diabetic and diabetic adult male rats. The study consisted of 48 adult Wistar male rats with weights ranging from [185-200] gm. Rats were divided into 2 groups: group A consisted of 24 normal non diabetic rats and group B consisted of 24 diabetic rats. The study was divided into 2 experiments: Experiment 1 aimed to compare between the performance of normal non diabetic and diabetic rats during water maze training. It was performed on 16 rats: 8 normal rats from group A and 8 diabetic rats from group B. All rats were trained in the water maze for 5 consecutive days to reach a hidden platform in the pool. Each day consisted of 8 training sections. The time required and distance traveled to reach the hidden platform was measured and the time spent in the target quadrant of the pool was calculated [expressed as a percent of the total time spent in the pool] each day. Experiment 2 aimed to test effect of post training intrahippocampal insulin injection on memory retention [consolidation] in normal and diabetic rats. This experiment was performed on 32 rats: 16 normal rats from group A, and 16 diabetic rats from group B. The normal rats were divided into an intrahippocampal saline injected group [n=8] and an intrahippocampal insulin injected group [n=8]. Similarly the diabetic rats were divided into intrahippocampal saline injected group [n=8] and an intrahippocampal insulin injected group [n=8]. Rats were trained for one day on the water maze; the training session consisted of 8 trials 60 seconds each. Retention testing, used to test consolidation, consisted or 60 seconds of a free swimming period without the platform. The percent of the time spent and the percent of the distance swum in the target quadrant were calculated and the number of escape trials from the edge of the pool was measured. Experiment 1 showed that the performance of diabetic rats was significantly impaired when compared with the control group. Diabetic rats took a significantly longer time, and swam a significantly longer distance to reach the hidden platform when compared with control rats in each of the 5 days of training. Furthermore, the percent of time spent in the target quadrant of the pool was significantly lower when compared with the control rats. Experiment 2 showed that Intrahippocampal insulin injection enhanced memory consolidation in insulin injected normal rats when compared with saline injected normal rats as evidenced by a significantly higher percent of time spent and distance swum in the target quadrant of the pool in the insulin injected normal rats during retention testing. Furthermore, the number of escape trials from the edge of the pool was significantly lower in insulin injected normal rats when compared with saline injected normal rats. Similarly, intrahippocampal insulin injection in diabetic rats enhanced memory consolidation. However, when comparing diabetic insulin injected rats with normal saline injected rats their performance was impaired indicating a partial improving effect of intrahippocampal insulin on memory consolidation in diabetic rats. The present work demonstrated that intrahippocampal administration of insulin has an enhancing effect on memory consolidation in normal rats and resulted in a partial improvement of memory consolidation in diabetic rats. Implications of this research point to a potential therapeutic role of central insulin administration through the intranasal route for enhancement of memory consolidation